Despite dramatic improvements in survival, multiple myeloma (MM) remains largely incurable, and most patients develop disease that is refractory to available treatment options.

A paper just published on Blood Advances by researchers of Department of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Westwood, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Toledo, Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City and Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, is a review of CART cells use in MM refractory patients.

Use of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CART) is a novel approach that is associated with impressive outcomes in heavily pretreated patients.

Given the rapid evolution of this treatment paradigm, were assessed the
efficacy and toxicity of CART for MM utilizing the most up-to-date results.
Four databases were searched (Web of Science/MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Registry of Controlled Trials).

Two independent reviewers (G.R.M., A.R.) screened all studies, and conflict was resolved through mutual discussion. This review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses recommendations.

Search strategy was restricted to include all prospective trials exclusively enrolling >2 patients with MM that were published in manuscript or presented in abstract form from 1 January 2013 through 15 November 2020. Furthermore, all abstracts that were presented live at the 62nd American Society ofm Hematology Annual Meeting were included with most updated information. All other studies, including editorials, case reports, case series, and review articles, were excluded.

The primary outcomes were the pooled response rate for all MM CART, pooled rate of grade 3/4 cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and pooled immune effector cell–associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). Proportional outcomes were pooled using a random effects model, and the DerSimonian and Laird Method with a correction factor of 0.5 was used. Statistical software Open Meta-Analyst (Brown School of Public Health) was used for calculations. The I2 statistic was used to test for heterogeneity
between the studies. The I2 of values of ,30%, 30% to 60%, 61% to 75%, and .75% were suggestive of low, moderate, substantial, and considerable heterogeneity, respectively.

Data were collected by 3 independent reviewers (G.R.M., A.R., and N.B.) and stored using Microsoft Excel. Variables collected include demographic information of participants, information on safety (ICANS, CRS), and efficacy outcomes (response rate, minimal residual disease data, duration of response, progression-free survival [PFS]).

A total of 30 clinical trials that met inclusion criteria was included.

A total of 921 patients was evaluable for efficacy analysis, and 950 patients were available for safety analysis, as pertains to CRS. A total of 781 patients was available for safety analysis of ICANS. The median prior lines of therapy was 6, based on the 21 studies that reported that data, and 74.4% of patients were triple refractory, among the 5 studies that clearly reported that data.

The pooled response rate was 78.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 72.3-84.3; I2, 88.9) (Figure 1). The pooled grade 3/4 or higher CRS rate was 6.4% (95% CI, 4.1-8.8; I2, 62.6), and the pooled grade 3/4 ICANS rate was 3.5% (95% CI, 2.2-4.9;I2, 0).

Because the vast majority of studies used BCMA as the sole target, a subgroup analysis of efficacy was done exclusively for BCMA CART. The pooled response rate for these 24 studies was 81.9% (95% CI, 76.6-87.7; I2, 84.0). A total of 13 studies had a median prior lines of treatment >6. In these studies, the pooled response rate was 79.6% (95% CI, 71.3-87.9; I2, 88.6%).

With a pooled response rate of 78% in heavily pretreated patients, these results are promising. Progression-free survival (PFS) has not been reported for the majority of studies as a result of the short duration of follow-up or it was inconsistently reported for different dosing strategies or for different end points (eg, 9-month PFS, 6-month PFS), precluding a quantitative synthesis.

When reported, the median PFS ranged from 8 to 20 months, which is significantly greater than currently available treatments for this patient population. The use of allogeneic products that are currently being evaluated, such as ALLO-715/ALLO-647, as well as products that are easily administered in an outpatient setting (p-BCMA-101), may allow these treatments to reach a wider population. Although the vast majority of constructs have targeted BCMA, other targets under consideration include NKG2D, SLAMF7, and CD229.